Child Immunizations

TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION

The following are the five types of mandatory immunizations stipulated by the government that mothers should know about for their little ones' immunizations:^[2-3]

• Hepatitis B immunization to prevent the disease hepatitis B, which is a liver infection that can cause dangerous complications, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• Polio immunization to prevent your little one from contracting the polio virus infection.
• The BCG immunization protects the body from the germs that cause tuberculosis (TB). TB is a dangerous infectious disease that attacks the lungs and sometimes other parts of the body, such as the brain, bones, joints, and kidneys.
• Measles rubella immunization for the prevention of measles and rubella disease rubellawhich is easily transmitted.
• DPT-HB-HiB immunization to provide protection and prevention against 6 diseases at once, namely diphtheria, pertussis or whooping cough, tetanus, hepatitis B, pneumonia, and meningitis or brain inflammation.

In addition to the five mandatory immunizations mentioned above, the Indonesian Pediatrician Association (IDAI) also recommends that mothers ensure their children receive other immunizations besides those mentioned above. Here is a list of these immunizations:

1. MMR vaccine, to prevent measles, rubella, and mumps.
2. Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV), to prevent pneumococcal infection which causes pneumonia, ear infections, and meningitis.
3. Rotavirus vaccine, to protect your little one from gastroenteritis which causes diarrhea.
4. Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccines, to reduce the risk of hepatitis A and typhoid in your little one.
5. Varicella vaccine, to prevent viral infection varicella-zoster causes of chickenpox.
6. Influenza vaccine, to provide protection against ARI due to the influenza virus.
7. HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus), as a prevention against HPV infection which causes cervical cancer.
8. JE vaccine, to prevent viral infection Japanese encephalitis causes of encephalitis.

THE VALUE OF A STRONG CHILD'S IMMUNITY

General prevention: Mothers can provide exclusive breastfeeding, complementary foods with complete and balanced nutrition, maintain cleanliness (body, clothing, toys, environment), and provide clean water for food and drink. Specific prevention: Mothers can carry out complete immunizations, because within 4-6 weeks after immunization, specific antibodies will appear that are effective in preventing disease transmission, so that your little one is not easily infected, does not suffer from serious illness, thus preventing outbreaks and deaths.^[2]

VACCINE PROCEDURE FOR IMMUNIZATION

A vaccine is a product that produces immunity against a disease and can be administered through a syringe, skin injection, or spray. Vaccination is the act of injecting a killed or weakened organism into the body, which then produces immunity against that organism.^[2]

Stages of Vaccine Development

1. Preclinical stage: research conducted in the laboratory and on animals, including:

1. 1. Antigen identification/discovery
   2. Vaccine concept creation
   3. Evaluation of vaccine efficacy in the laboratory and animals
   4. The standard for making vaccines uses standards Good Manufacturing Practice issued by WHO.
2. Clinical stage: tested on humans
3. • It was carried out for years starting from phase I to phase IV.
   • Based on strict ethical principles, and the consent of volunteers
   • Focus on safety and efficacy